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Therefore, Syrian art until World War I consisted mainly of geometric designs in arabesque and calligraphy. There are other ciyrts for Druze, Roman Catholics, Protestants, and Jews.

Archived from on 2002-12-17. Join our Arab personals and qiran dating site today to meet compatible and and men and your Arab match. Syria has armed forces with 408,000 custodes. You can pretty much gauge whether or not a woman is from a strict Islam family if she is wearing a dating syrian head covering or a niqab face veil. Half of the workforce is employed in industry and mining. Um Majed, though, has no sol for romantic dreams.

They also are represented in textiles and the tobacco industry, but only 1 percent of employed women have administrative or managerial positions. Islam forbids the artistic depiction of animals or human beings. Archived from on 2008-01-01.

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Syriac Christians are an ethnoreligious grouping of various ethnic communities of pre-Arab and often -speaking people of , , , , , , and. Syriac Christians advocate different terms for ethnic self-designation. Syriac Christians from the are theologically and culturally closely related to, but should not be confused with the from , whose ties to Syriac Christians were a result of trade links and migration by Assyrian Christians from and the Middle East mostly around the 9th century. Historical divisions within Syriac Christian Churches in the Middle East. In the pre-Christian era, during the mid- and late and , the northern part of and parts of south-east and north-east were encompassed by from the 25th century BC, southern by from the 19th century BC, the coast of and Syria by from the 13th century BC, and the remainder of Syria together with parts of south-central Turkey, by , also from the 13th century BC. The emerged in the in the mid-9th century BC, and the long extinct migrated to south-east Iraq from at the same time. The terminological problem dates from the 323—150 BC , which applied the term Syria, the and form of the name Assyria, which had existed even during the Assyrian Empire, not only to both Assyria and the Assyrians themselves in Northern Mesopotamia modern northern , northeastern and southeastern , but also to lands to the west in the , which had never been a part of Assyria, previously known as , and modern , and northern. This caused not only the of Mesopotamia, but also the ethnically and geographically distinct and of the Levant to be collectively called Syrians and Syriacs in the world. The the mother church of the modern , and was founded amongst the in Assyria between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD. The and emerged in this region. Until the 7th century AD , Syriac Christianity was divided between two empires, in the east and in the west. Syriac Christianity was divided from the 5th century over questions of , viz. Assyria-Syria naming controversy The question of ethnic identity and self-designation is sometimes connected to the scholarly debate on the. The question has a long history of academic controversy. The is a - , uncovered from Çineköy, , Turkey ancient , dating to the 8th century BC. In this monumental inscription, Urikki made reference to the relationship between his kingdom and his overlords. In Greek usage, Syria and Assyria were used almost interchangeably. In the first century prior to the dawn of Christianity, the geographer 64 BC-21 AD writes that whom historians most likely Greek ones call Syrian were actually Assyrian; When those who have written histories about the Syrian empire say that the Medes were overthrown by the Persians and the Syrians by the Medes, they mean by the Syrians no other people than those who built the royal palaces in Ninus ; and of these Syrians, Ninus was the man who founded Ninus, in Aturia and his wife, , was the woman who succeeded her husband... Now, the city of Ninus was wiped out immediately after the overthrow of the Syrians. It was much greater than Babylon, and was situated in the plain of Aturia. Although the mention of Ninus as having founded Assyria is inaccurate, as is the claim that Semiramis was his wife, the salient point in Strabo's statement is the recognition that the Greek term Syria historically meant Assyria. Osroene was a -speaking state based around in Upper Mesopotamia, a key center of early Syriac Christianity. Likewise, the Romans clearly distinguished the and. Unlike the Indo-European languages, the native Semitic name for Syria has always been distinct from Assyria. During the 2335-2154 BC , 2119-2004 BC and 1975-1750 BC the region which is now Syria was called The Land of the Amurru and , referring to the Amorites and the Hurrians. Beginning from the 1365-1020 BC , and also in the 935-605 BC and the succeeding 605-539 BC and , 539-323 BC Syria was known as and later. The term Syria emerged only during the 9th century BC, and was only used by Indo-Anatolian and Greek speakers, and solely in reference to Assyria. Purely terms such as , Jacobite and emerged much later. Nestorian only emerged after the of the 5th and 6th centuries AD, and Chaldean Catholic only in the late 18th century AD, subsequent to a number of Assyrians in northern Iraq breaking from the. Both of these terms are solely denominational, and not ethnic in any sense, and both were applied to Syriac Christians by Europeans. Of or pertaining to Syria: only of or in reference to the language; written in Syriac; writing, or versed, in Syriac. Since the 1980s, a dispute between, on the one hand, the speaking aka , who are indigenous Christians from northern , north western , southeastern , northeastern and the , and derive their national identity from the Bronze and Iron Age. On the other hand, the now largely -speaking, but previously speaking , who are mainly from central, south, west and northwestern , south central , and , emphasizing their descent from the Levantine instead has become ever more pronounced. Another distinction can be made: unlike the Assyrians, who emphasize their non-Arab ethnicity and have historically sought a state of their own, some urban Chaldean Catholics are more likely to assimilate into Arab identity. Other Chaldeans, particularly in America, identify with the ancient Chaldeans of Chaldea rather than the Assyrians. In addition, while Assyrians self-define as a strictly Christian nation, Aramaic organizations generally accept that Islamic Arameans exist, and that many Muslims in historic Aramea were converts forced or voluntary from Christianity to Islam. An exception to the near-extinction of Western Aramaic are the Lebanese Maronite speakers of , however they largely the ancient people of Lebanon and not Arameans. Some Muslim espouse Phoenician identity as well. Some Maronite Christians also joined this US census as opposed to. Sweden In , this name dispute has its beginning when immigrants from , belonging to the emigrated to Sweden during the 1960s and were applied with the ethnic designation Assyrians by the Swedish authorities. Main articles: and An identity is today maintained by followers of the , the , the , , , and Eastern Aramaic speaking communities of the particularly in northern Iraq, north eastern Syria and south eastern Turkey and to a much lesser degree the. Those identifying with Assyria, and with in general, tend to be speaking from northern , north eastern , south eastern and north west , together with communities that spread from these regions to neighbouring lands such as , , southern , and the Western World. The Assyrianist movement originated in the 19th to early 20th centuries, in direct opposition to and in the context of. It was exacerbated by the and of World War I. The emphasis of Assyrian antiquity grew ever more pronounced in the decades following World War II, with an official introduced in the 1950s, taking as its the year 4750 BC, the purported date of foundation of the city of and the introduction of a new in 1968. Assyrians tend to be from Iraq, Iran, southeast Turkey, northeast Syria, Armenia, , southern Russia and Azerbaijan, as well as in diaspora communities in the US, Canada, Australia, Great Britain, Sweden, Netherlands etc. Syriac Christians are on record calling themselves Athoraye, Assyrian , and the region of Iraq, north east Syria and south east Turkey was still known as Assyria , until the 7th century AD. The people informed me that there were about one hundred families of them in the town of Kharpout, and a village inhabited by them on the plain. The quotation is Genesis 10:10-12's description of the Ancient Assyrians. Syriac identity The term Syriac was historically taken only as a , cultural, and term, used to describe Neo-Aramaic speaking Christians from the in general. Those self identifying as Syriacs tend to be from western, northwestern, southern and central , as well as southcentral. Organisations such as the in Lebanon and in Syria, as well as the , espouse a Syriac identity. Syriac identity has become closely merged with both Aramean identity in some quarters, whilst being accepted by also, due to the etymological origin of the term. Chaldean and Chaldo-Assyrian identity Further information: In recent times, a small and mainly -based minority within the have begun to espouse a separate Chaldean ethnic identity. However, historically Chaldean Catholics were exclusively former north Mesopotamian members of the , who entered into communion with the between the 16th and 18th centuries after failing to gain acceptance into the. These two communities were historically united and mostly come from the same ancestral towns in Iraq. It is believed that the term Chaldean Catholic arose due to a Latin misinterpretation and mistranslation of the Ur Kasdim according to Jewish tradition the birthplace of Abraham in Northern Mesopotamia as meaning Ur of the Chaldees. In reality the Hebraic Ur and Kasdim did not refer to Ur in southern Mesopotamia, nor did Kasdim refer to Chaldeans. Even those in Baghdad, are largely migrants from the north. It is in the former Ecclesiastical Province of Ator that the Chaldean Catholic Church originated, and where the most flourishing of the Catholic Chaldean communities are still found. The native population accepts the ethnic names Assyrians or Atoraya-Kaldaya while in the neo-Syriac vernacular Christians generally are also known as Syriacs, a name deriving from Assyrians. The minority of Chaldean Catholics subscribing to a Chaldean identity do so mainly to espouse a Catholic identity, rather an ethnic one, promoted by the Catholic Church. However most Chaldean Catholics identify as Assyrian. We have to separate what is ethnicity and what is religion... I myself, my sect is Chaldean, but ethnically, I am. In an interview with the Assyrian Star in the September—October 1974 issue, he was quoted as saying: Before I became a priest I was an Assyrian, before I became a bishop I was an Assyrian, I am an Assyrian today, tomorrow, forever, and I am proud of it. Others prefer to call themselves to avoid division on theological grounds. The Iraqi and Iranian governments uses this term in recognition that Assyrians and Chaldeans are ethnically the same people, but have developed different religious traditions since the late 17th century AD. The modern Arameans claim to be the descendants of the ancient who emerged in the during the , who following the formed a number of small ancient kingdoms before they were conquered by the in the course of the 10th to late 7th centuries BC. They have maintained linguistic, and cultural independence despite centuries of Arabization, Islamization as well as , although Levantine now has very few native speakers. They were among the first peoples to embrace Christianity during the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Such an Aramean identity is mainly held by a number of Syriac Christians in southcentral , southeastern Turkey, western, central, northern and southern Syria and in the especially in Germany and Sweden. In Swedish, they call themselves Syrianer, and in German, is a common self-designation. The , based in , is an advocate of the Aramean identity and an in their ancient homeland of. Self-identification of some Syriac Christians with Arameans is well documented in Syriac literature. Mentions by notable individuals include that of the poet-theologian , c. Ephrem himself made references to Aramean origins, calling his country Aram-Nahrin and his language Aramaic, and describing Bar-Daisan d. However, references such as these to are scarce after the early , until the development of Aramean nationalism in the late 20th century. This decision on part of the Israeli Interior Ministry highlights the growing awareness regarding the distinctness of the Aramean identity as well as their plight due to the historical Arabization of the region. Phoenician identity Map of Phoenicia and its Mediterranean trade routes. Most of the identify with a origin, as do most of the Lebanese population, and do not see themselves as Assyrian, Syriac or Aramean. This comes from the fact that present day , the Mediterranean coast of Syria, and northern Israel is the area that roughly corresponds to ancient Phoenicia and as a result like the majority of the Lebanese people identify with the ancient Phoenician population of that region. Moreover, the cultural and linguistic heritage of the Lebanese people is a blend of both indigenous Phoenician elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years. There is no distinct pattern that shows that one community carries significantly more than another. We believe we are the Western Assyrians and you are the Eastern Assyrians. However, other Maronite factions in , such as , in their opposition to , advocate the idea of a pure Phoenician racial heritage see. They point out that all Lebanese people are of pre-Arab and pre-Islamic origin, and as such are at least in part of Phoenician-Canaanite stock. They are not ethnically related to the people, but nevertheless have strong cultural and religious links as a result of extensive missionary work and trade links during the 1st century at the height of the. However, due to the in 1599 they were cut off from the in Mesopotamia, and new churches formed as a result of the and later schisms. The term was used by Europeans from Medieval times to the Victorian age. In the 19th century, this was narrowed to apply specifically to those Assyrians who were members of the. The term now is rejected by Assyrians who point out they are a multi denominational ethnic group rather than a religious sect, and by the modern day Assyrian Church of the East, which does not identify with the doctrines of anymore. This label is rejected by many Syriac and Christians as well as by and as it wrongly implies no difference other than theological with the Arabs, Kurds, Turks, Iranians and Azeris of the region. The term has now fallen out of use, however it is noteworthy in that it illustrates the early Arab Islamic rulers acknowledged a distinct Assyrian identity in northern Mesopotamia. Assyrians today point to this term as one of the numerous historical proofs for the existence of an Assyrian ethnic identity as distinct from the Aramean ethnic identity. There is an almost unanimous agreement among scholars and academics that this is historically and ethnically an inaccurate term. Also Israel took the initiative in 2014 to recognize the Aramean identity as a distinct nation which was welcomed by the leader of the Arameans in Israel Father Gabriel Nadaf. More and more Arameans have spoken against the incorrect terms used not only by the international community but also by many community members. They call upon everyone to instead promote the term Aramean. Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle for Self Expression. Archived from PDF on 31 July 2004. La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy. Silvio Zaorani Turin, 1993 , pp. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 65 4 : 284—287. They carried shields, lances, and daggers very like the Egyptian; but in addition they had wooden clubs knotted with iron, and linen corselets. This people, whom the Hellenes call Syrians, are called Assyrians by the barbarians. The Chaldeans served in their ranks, and they had for commander Otaspes, the son of Artachaeus. Heinemann ; New York : G. Archived from on 11 May 2003. Retrieved 11 May 2003. They were predominantly peasant farmers, and since Assyria contains some of the best wheat land in the Near East, descendants of the Assyrian peasants would, as opportunity permitted, build new villages over the old cities and carry on with agricultural life, remembering traditions of the former cities. After seven or eight centuries and various vicissitudes, these people became Christians. Especially in view of the very early establishment of Christianity in Assyria and its continuity to the present and the continuity of the population, I think there is every likelihood that ancient Assyrians are among the ancestors of modern Assyrians of the area. The ancient Greek historian, Herodotus, wrote that the Greeks called the Assyrians, by the name Syrian, dropping the A. And that's the first instance we know of, of the distinction in the name, of the same people. Then the Romans, when they conquered the western part of the former Assyrian Empire, they gave the name Syria, to the province, they created, which is today Damascus and Aleppo. So, that is the distinction between Syria, and Assyria. They are the same people, of course. And the ancient Assyrian empire, was the first real, empire in history. For example, Elamite musicians, were brought to Nineveh, and they were 'made Assyrians' which means, that Assyria, was more than a small country, it was the empire, the whole Fertile Crescent. Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. In the 16th century, a major segment of the Assyrian-Nestorian church united with Rome while retaining its ancient liturgy. They are now called the Chaldean Church, to which most Assyrian Christians belong. Archived from PDF on 17 July 2011. I personally think that these different names serve to add confusion. We have to separate what is ethnicity and what is religion... I myself, my sect is Chaldean, but ethnically, I am Assyrian. Archived from PDF on 17 July 2011. Drijvers Groningen, 1999 , p. Retrieved 3 October 2013. Archived from PDF on 31 July 2004. Archived from PDF on 21 April 2003. Archived from PDF on 17 July 2011. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, ETATS-UNIS 1942 Revue. Gränser Humanistdag-boken nr 16. PDF in Swedish 3. Archived from PDF on 6 November 2006. Michael, review of J. Assyrierna — En bok om präster och lekmän, om politik och diplomati kring den assyriska invandringen till Sverige in Swedish. Falköping: Gummessons Tryckeri AB.